10 Amazing Technologies That Used to Be Awfully Inefficient

People today link the word “technology” with electricity, but most dictionaries say it is the practical use of scientific knowledge. That means a flushing toilet, which uses hydrodynamics, is a technology. So are many more things that modern people take for granted. They seem so simple compared to today’s cutting-edge devices that it is easy

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Emergence of isochorismate-based salicylic acid biosynthesis within Brassicales

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 29, July 2025. SignificanceThe evolution of nonclustered biosynthetic pathways involving multiple genes remains a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. The isochorismate (IC) pathway for salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis exemplifies how a complex, nonclustered …

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